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Course Outline

Relational Database Architecture

  • Structure of relational database systems
  • Table relationship types
  • Database normalization and denormalization principles
  • Relational operators

Data Acquisition

  • Guidelines for formulating SQL queries
  • SELECT statement syntax
  • Selection of all columns
  • Queries involving arithmetic operations
  • Column aliases
  • Literal values
  • Concatenation operators

Result Filtering

  • The WHERE clause
  • Comparison operators
  • LIKE condition
  • BETWEEN ... AND condition
  • IS NULL condition
  • IN condition
  • Boolean operators: AND, OR, and NOT
  • Multiple conditions within the WHERE clause
  • Operator precedence
  • DISTINCT clause

Data Sorting

  • The ORDER BY clause
  • Sorting by multiple columns or expressions

SQL Functions

  • Differences between single-row and multi-row functions
  • Character, numeric, and date functions
  • Explicit and implicit data conversion
  • Conversion functions
  • Nested functions
  • Evaluating function performance using the DUAL table
  • Retrieving the current date via SYSDATE
  • Handling NULL values

Data Aggregation and Grouping

  • Aggregate functions
  • Treatment of NULL values in aggregate functions
  • Creating data groups using the GROUP BY clause
  • Grouping by multiple columns
  • Filtering group results using the HAVING clause

Multi-Table Data Retrieval

  • Join types
  • Natural join usage
  • Table aliases
  • Joins defined in the WHERE clause
  • INNER JOIN
  • Outer joins: LEFT, RIGHT, and FULL OUTER JOIN
  • Cartesian products

Subqueries

  • Incorporating subqueries within the SELECT statement
  • Single-row versus multi-row subqueries
  • Operators for single-row subqueries
  • Aggregate functions in subqueries
  • Operators for multi-row subqueries: IN, ALL, ANY
  • Treatment of NULL values in subqueries

Set Operators

  • UNION operator
  • UNION ALL operator
  • INTERSECT operator
  • MINUS operator

Data Modification Operations

  • INSERT command
  • Copying data from existing tables
  • UPDATE command
  • DELETE command
  • TRUNCATE command

Transactions

  • COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT commands

Data Definition Language (DDL) Commands

  • Primary database objects
  • Object naming conventions
  • Table creation
  • Column data types
  • DEFAULT option
  • NULL and NOT NULL constraints

Table Management

  • Referential integrity: CHECK, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE
  • Creating tables via query
  • Dropping tables using DROP TABLE
  • DESCRIBE command

Additional Schema Objects

  • Sequences
  • Synonyms
  • Views

Requirements

  • Competency in computer operations
  • Familiarity with operating systems for government
 21 Hours

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